 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Sains Malaysiana
54(10)(2025): 2337-2351
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5410-01
Penyelidikan Arkeologi menggunakan Kaedah
Keberintangan Elektrik di Bukit Suring, Lenggong, Perak, Malaysia
(Archaeological
Research using Electrical Resistivity Method at Bukit Suring, Lenggong,
NOR AMIRA SHAROM1, NOR KHAIRUNNISA TALIB1,*, NORDIANA MUZTAZA2, SHYEH SAHIBUL KARAMAH
MASNAN1 & VELAT BUJENG1
1Pusat
Penyelidikan Arkeologi Global, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Received: 9 April 2025/Accepted: 29 July 2025
Abstrak
Tinjauan awal di Bukit Suring terhadap permukaan
teres bukit menunjukkan potensi kewujudan sungai kuno yang mungkin pernah
mengalir di kawasan ini pada masa lalu. Bagi mengesahkan hipotesis ini, satu
kajian geofizik telah dijalankan menggunakan kaedah keberintangan elektrik dua
dimensi (2D) untuk mengenal pasti bukti geologi di bawah permukaan. Kajian ini
bertujuan untuk mengesan kesan tinggalan sungai kuno, termasuk kehadiran
sedimen seperti aluvium, pasir dan batu pasir. Metodologi ini melibatkan
penggunaan elektrod bagi mengukur nilai keberintangan elektrik 2D yang dapat membezakan
variasi material di sub-permukaan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan kehadiran kelikir
sungai yang memberikan petunjuk jelas mengenai kewujudan sistem sungai kuno di
kawasan ini. Fenomena ini turut mencerminkan keadaan di tapak Paleolitik di
Lembah Lenggong dengan kewujudan sungai kuno berperanan penting dalam menyokong
kehidupan manusia prasejarah. Sungai Perak kuno dipercayai menjadi sumber air
utama dan kelikir untuk pembuatan alat batu serta kawasan strategik bagi
penempatan manusia awal di Lembah Lenggong, sebagaimana yang dapat
dihipotesiskan bagi tapak Paleolitik Bukit Suring. Data yang diperoleh dalam
kajian ini diproses menggunakan perisian RES2DINV bagi menghasilkan imej dua
dimensi berwarna yang dapat menunjukkan ketebalan lapisan kelikir, ketebalan
tanah serta kepadatannya, seterusnya menyumbang kepada pemahaman yang lebih
mendalam tentang landskap purba dan kemungkinan kaitannya dengan aktiviti
manusia prasejarah.
Kata kunci: Arkeologi; Bukit Suring; geofizik;
keberintangan elektrik; sungai kuno
Abstract
A preliminary survey at Bukit Suring on the
terrace surfaces of the hill suggests the potential existence of an ancient
river that may have once flowed through this area in the past. To confirm this
hypothesis, a geophysical study was conducted using the two-dimensional (2D)
resistivity method to identify geological evidence beneath the surface. This
study aims to detect traces of the ancient river, including the presence of
sediments such as alluvium, sand, and sandstone. The methodology involves the
use of electrodes to measure resistivity values, which can differentiate
variations in subsurface materials. The results of the study indicate the
presence of river gravels, providing clear evidence of an ancient river system
in the area. This phenomenon also reflects conditions at Palaeolithic sites in
the Lenggong Valley, where the existence of ancient rivers played a crucial
role in supporting prehistoric human life. The ancient Sungai Perak is believed
to have been a primary water source and a provider of gravel for stone
tool-making, as well as a strategic location for early human settlements in the
Lenggong Valley, similar to what can be hypothesized for Bukit Suring. The data
obtained from this study was processed using RES2DINV software to produce colorized
two-dimensional images that illustrate the thickness of the gravel layer, soil
depth, and its density, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of the
ancient landscape and its possible connection to prehistoric human activities.
Keywords: Ancient river; archaeology; Bukit Suring;
geophysics; resistivity
REFERENCES
Barker,
R.D. 1999. Surface and borehole geophysics. Dlm. Water Resources of Hard
Rock Aquifers in Arid and Semi- Arid Zone, disunting oleh Lloyd, J.W.
Studies and Report in Hydrology 58, UNESCO, Paris.
Campana,
S. & Piro, S. 2008. Seeing the Unseen. Geophysics and Landscape
Archaeology. 1st ed. London: CRC Press.
Edwards,
L.S. 1977. A modified pseudosection for resistivity and induced-polarization. Geophysics 42(5): 1020-1036.
El-Qady,
G. & Metwaly, M. 2019. Archaeogeophysics: State of the Art and Case
Studies. 1st ed. Springer.
Griffiths,
D.H. & Barker, R.D. 1993. Two-dimensional resistivity imaging and modelling
in areas of complex geology. Journal of Applied Geophysics 29: 211-226.
Hachay,
O. & Khachay, O. 2019. Method of non destructive geophysical mapping of the
environment. Open Journal of Geology 9: 327-341.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2019.97022
Imai,
T.S., Sakayama, T. & Kanemori, T. 1987. Use of ground-probing radar and
resistivity surveys for archaeological investigations. Geophysics 52(2):
137-150.
Jones,
C.R. 1970. Geology and mineral resources of the Grik area, Upper Perak. Geological
Survey West Malaysia District Memoir 11. pp. 1-165.
Kearey,
P., Brooks, M. & Hill, I. 2013. An Introduction to Geophysical
Exploration. Oxfordshire, Oxford: Blackwell Science.
Keller,
G.V. & Frischknecht, F.C. 1966. Electrical Methods in Geophysical
Prospecting. Oxford: Pergamon Press Inc.
Loke,
M.H. 2004. Tutorial: 2-D and 3-D Electrical Imaging Surveys. Geotomo
Software.
Loke,
M.H. 1999. Electrical Imaging Surveys for Environmental and Engineering
Studies: A Practical Guide to 2-D and 3-D Surveys.
Milsom,
J. & Eriksen, A. 2011. Field Geophysics. 4th ed. Wiley:
Wiley-Blackwell.
Mokhtar
Saidin. 2007. Palaeolithic adaptation: Some criteria for site selection among
the Pleistocene population in Malaysia. Archaeological Heritage of Malaysia 1: 1-16.
Mokhtar
Saidin. 2006a. Kebudayaan Paleolitik Malaysia. PURBA 25: 38-53.
Mokhtar
Saidin. 2006b. Bukit Bunuh, Lenggong, Perak: Sumbangannya kepada arkeologi dan
geologi negara. Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia 19: 1-14.
Mokhtar
Saidin. 2001. Bukti Paliseolitik di Hulu Perak-2001. Laporan Penyelidikan Geran
Jangka Pendek. Universiti Sains Malaysia (tidak diterbitkan).
Mokhtar
Saidin. 1997a. Kajian perbandingan tapak Paleolitik Kampung Temelong dengan
Kota Tampan dan sumbangannya terhadap kebudayaan Pleistosen Akhir di Asia
Tenggara. Malaysia Museums Journal 32.
Mokhtar
Saidin. 1997b. Kebudayaan Paleolitik di Malaysia: Sumbangan tapak Lawin, Perak
dan Tingkayu, Sabah. Tesis PhD. Universiti Sains Malaysia (tidak diterbitkan).
Mokhtar
Saidin. 1987. Geologi kawasan Grik, Perak. Tesis BSc. (Hons). Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia (tidak diterbitkan).
Mohktar
Saidin & Jeffrey Abdullah. 2007. Sungai Perak Kuno: Sumbangannya kepada
Zaman Paleolitik Malaysia. Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia 20: 14-21.
Mussett,
A.E. & Aftab Khan, M. 2000. Resistivity methods. Looking into the Earth:
An Introduction to Geological Geophysics. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. pp. 181-201. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511810305.013
Naizatul
Akma Mohd Mokhtar & Mokhtar Saidin. 2024. Perkembangan, cabaran dan
sumbangan arkeologi awam di Malaysia. Applied History Journal of Merong Mahawangsa 2: 13-21.
Nor
Khairunnisa Binti Talib. 2020. Kajian paleoalam Lembah Lenggong semasa zaman
Pleistosen berdasarkan perspektif palinologi dan geomorfologi. Ijazah Doktor
Falsafah. Penang: Universiti Sains Malaysia (tidak diterbitkan).
Nor
Khairunnisa Talib, Mokhtar Saidin & Jeffrey Abdullah. 2016. Batuan impak
meteorit: Bukti penggunaan bahan mentah bagi masyarakat Paleolitik Pleistosen
Pertengahan. Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia 29(1): 43-54.
Nowroozi,
A.A., Whittecar, G.R. & Daniel, J.C. 1997. Estimating the yield of
crushable stone in an alluvial fan deposit by electrical resistivity methods
near Stuarts Draft, Virginia. Journal of Applied Geophysics 38(1): 25-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(97)00014-1
Olenchenko,
V.V., Tsibizov, L.V., Osipova, P.S., Chargynov, T.T., Viola, B.T., Kolobova,
K.A. & Krivoshapkin, A.I. 2020. Peculiarities of using 2D electrical
resistivity tomography in caves. Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology
of Eurasia 48(4): 67-74. https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.4.067-074
Shaaban,
F.F. & Shaaban, F.A. 2001. Use of two-dimensional electric resistivity and
ground penetrating radar for archaeological prospecting at the ancient capital
of Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 33(3-4): 661-671. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(01)00091-4
Tsokas,
G.N., Tsourlos, P.I. & Papadopoulos, N. 2008. Electrical resistivity
tomography: A flexible technique in solving problems of archaeological
research. Seeing the Unseen. Geophysics and Landscape Archaeology. Boca
Raton: CRC Press. pp. 109-130.
Witten,
A.J. 2017. Handbook of Geophysics and Archaeology. New York: Routledge.
Zuraina
Majid. 1997. The discovery of Bukit Jawa, Gelok, a Middle-Late Palaeolithic
site in Perak. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 27: 49-52.
Zuraina
Majid. 1989. Tampanian problem resolved: Archaeological evidence of a Late
Pleistocene workshop. Modern Quarternary Research in Southeast Asia 11:
71-96.
Zuraina Majid &
Tjia, H.D. 1988. Kota Tampan, Perak: The geological and archaeological evidence
for a Late Pleistocene site. Journal of the Malayan Branch Royal
Asiatic Society 61(2): 123-134.
|
|||
|
